Ovaries, a crucial part of the female reproductive system, are affected by this type of cancer. There may be mild or no symptoms at the beginning and this could make it difficult for one to identify the disease. However, if ovarian cancer runs in the family, then it’s advisable to get screenings done timely. This article shares the stages and risk factors of ovarian cancer.

1. Stages
Here are the primary stages of ovarian cancer

• Stage I
  At this stage, the tumor spreads to either one of the ovaries and the cancer cells may be found outside them. However, the cancer cells at this stage haven’t spread to the lymph nodes, abdomen, pelvis, or distant sites.
•   Stage II
  The tumor growth is detected in the fallopian tubes, uterus, and other pelvic organs. As for the ovaries, the tumor may have spread to one or both ovaries.
• Stage III
  In this stage, the tumor spreads beyond the pelvis and the cancer cells may be present in one or both ovaries. Also, it’s quite possible that the cancer has spread to the lining of the abdomen or the lymph nodes in the back of the abdomen.
• Stage IV
  This is the most advanced stage of ovarian cancer, which is characterized by cancer cells that spread to distant areas or organs in the body—around the lungs, inside the lungs, liver, or spleen.

2. Risk factors
Mentioned below are some risk factors for ovarian cancer:

• Family history
  A history of breast or ovarian cancer in two or more family members can increase one’s risk ‌for ‌this type of illness. This occurs as genetic mutations can be passed on from parents.
• Genetic mutations
  Genetic mutations are responsible for 10 to 20 percent of all cases of ovarian cancer. And in these cases, it is recommended that they undergo gene testing for genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, and PALB2.
• Weight
  Obesity in the early stages of adulthood adds to the risk ‌for ovarian cancer. Along with cancer, it can lead to many other long-term illnesses.
• Reproductive history
  Those who have never experienced birth, have infertility issues, started menstruating at an early age, or who have used an intrauterine device (IUD) may have an increased risk‌ for ovarian cancer. Women with short-term pregnancies are also at a risk for this type of cancer. One way to reduce the risk for ovarian cancer is to breastfeed as long as possible.
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
  Women who take estrogen-only or combined HRT for long may be at a potential risk of developing ovarian cancer. However, the risk starts to decrease as the therapy ends.